122 fundamental indicators organized into 5 VMCI pillars - explained in plain English.
How cheap relative to fundamentals
28 indicators
P/E measures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals. Value investors to identify stocks trading below intrinsic value when P/E aligns with the rest of the VMCI 120-indicator comp.
Read more →Forward Price-to-Earnings captures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →P/B expresses how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals. Value investors to identify stocks trading below intrinsic value when P/B aligns with the rest of the VMCI 120-indicator com.
Read more →P/S is the metric used to how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →P/CF expresses how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals. Value investors to identify stocks trading below intrinsic value when P/CF aligns with the rest of the VMCI 120-indicator composite.
Read more →P/FCF expresses how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals. Value investors to identify stocks trading below intrinsic value when P/FCF aligns with the rest of the VMCI 120-indicator.
Read more →PEG captures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals. Value investors to identify stocks trading below intrinsic value when PEG aligns with the rest of the VMCI 120-indicator composite.
Read more →Enterprise Value to EBITDA is the metric used to how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Enterprise Value to Revenue is the metric used to how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Enterprise Value to Free Cash Flow captures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Enterprise Value to EBIT captures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Earnings Yield is the metric used to how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Free Cash Flow Yield expresses how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Owner Earnings Yield measures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Gross Profit Yield expresses how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Cash Yield expresses how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals. Value investors to identify stocks trading below intrinsic value when Cash Yield aligns with the rest of the VMCI 120.
Read more →Graham Number captures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals. Value investors to identify stocks trading below intrinsic value when Graham Number aligns with the rest of the VMC.
Read more →Normalized Price-to-Earnings expresses how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →DCF captures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals. Value investors to identify stocks trading below intrinsic value when DCF aligns with the rest of the VMCI 120-indicator comp.
Read more →Margin of Safety expresses how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Price-to-Tangible Book measures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Price-to-Graham Number captures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Enterprise Value to Invested Capital captures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Dividend Yield is the metric used to how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Buyback Yield expresses how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals. Value investors to identify stocks trading below intrinsic value when Buyback Yield aligns with the rest of the VM.
Read more →Shareholder Yield captures how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Graham Net-Net Value is the metric used to how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Analyst Price Target Upside is the metric used to how cheaply a stock trades relative to its fundamentals.
Read more →Profitability, efficiency & consistency
41 indicators
Return on Equity measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Return on Assets is the metric used to how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Return on Invested Capital measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Return on Capital Employed is the metric used to how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Gross Margin measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings. Value investors to find compounders with durable economic moats when Gross Margin aligns with the rest of the VMCI.
Read more →Operating Margin is the metric used to how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Net Profit Margin expresses how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →EBITDA Margin is the metric used to how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Free Cash Flow Margin measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Operating Cash Flow Margin expresses how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Return on Tangible Assets measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →NOPAT Margin expresses how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings. Value investors to find compounders with durable economic moats when NOPAT Margin aligns with the rest of the VMCI.
Read more →Incremental ROIC captures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Capital Efficiency measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Gross Profit per Employee is the metric used to how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Gross Margin Stability expresses how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Gross Margin Trend 5Y measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Net Margin Trend 5Y expresses how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →ROIC Consistency measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Earnings Quality expresses how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Consecutive Revenue Growth Years captures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →ROE Stability is the metric used to how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Dividend Growth Streak captures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Positive Earnings Streak measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →SGA Efficiency Trend measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →CapEx Consistency measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Operating Cash Flow to Debt measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Free Cash Flow Conversion expresses how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Accrual Ratio is the metric used to how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Free Cash Flow per Share Growth 3Y measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Cash Return on Capital measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Asset Turnover is the metric used to how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Inventory Turnover measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Receivables Turnover captures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Fixed Asset Turnover is the metric used to how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Revenue per Employee measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Working Capital Turnover expresses how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →ROIC-WACC Spread captures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Sustainable Growth Rate measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Free Cash Flow to Revenue measures how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Dividend Coverage Ratio expresses how efficiently a company converts capital into earnings.
Read more →Balance sheet strength & accounting quality
16 indicators
Debt-to-Equity Ratio expresses the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Debt-to-Assets Ratio measures the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Net Debt to EBITDA expresses the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Current Ratio measures the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Quick Ratio is the metric used to the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Cash Ratio measures the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Interest Coverage Ratio expresses the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Altman Z-Score is the metric used to the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →The Piotroski F-Score is a 9-point composite score that measures a company's financial strength across profitability, leverage, and efficiency signals. Scores of 8–9 indicate high financial quality; scores of 0–2 signal financial distress.
Read more →The Beneish M-Score is a probabilistic model that uses 8 financial statement ratios to detect the likelihood of earnings manipulation. A score above -1.78 is a red flag for potential accounting fraud, famously flagging Enron before its collapse.
Read more →Long-Term Debt to Capitalization captures the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Financial Leverage Ratio expresses the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Working Capital to Assets measures the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Cash to Total Assets expresses the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Tangible Equity Ratio captures the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Cash Conversion Cycle expresses the reliability of reported earnings versus underlying cash flow.
Read more →Revenue, earnings & cash flow trajectory
15 indicators
Revenue Growth 1Y measures the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when Revenue Growth 1Y aligns with the rest of the VMC.
Read more →Revenue CAGR 3Y expresses the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when Revenue CAGR 3Y aligns with the rest of the VMCI 1.
Read more →Revenue CAGR 5Y expresses the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when Revenue CAGR 5Y aligns with the rest of the VMCI 1.
Read more →EPS Growth 1Y expresses the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when EPS Growth 1Y aligns with the rest of the VMCI 120-i.
Read more →EPS CAGR 3Y is the metric used to the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when EPS CAGR 3Y aligns with the rest of the VM.
Read more →EPS CAGR 5Y measures the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when EPS CAGR 5Y aligns with the rest of the VMCI 120-indica.
Read more →Net Income Growth 1Y captures the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when Net Income Growth 1Y aligns with the rest of t.
Read more →Free Cash Flow Growth 1Y is the metric used to the rate at which the business is expanding.
Read more →Free Cash Flow CAGR 3Y expresses the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when Free Cash Flow CAGR 3Y aligns with the rest.
Read more →Book Value Growth 3Y is the metric used to the rate at which the business is expanding.
Read more →Dividend Growth 3Y measures the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when Dividend Growth 3Y aligns with the rest of the V.
Read more →Dividend Growth 5Y measures the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when Dividend Growth 5Y aligns with the rest of the V.
Read more →Operating Income Growth 1Y expresses the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when Operating Income Growth 1Y aligns with.
Read more →Revenue Stability captures the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when Revenue Stability aligns with the rest of the VMC.
Read more →EPS Stability expresses the rate at which the business is expanding. Value investors to size durable revenue and free cash flow expansion when EPS Stability aligns with the rest of the VMCI 120-i.
Read more →Volatility, leverage & downside exposure
20 indicators
Beta is the metric used to the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →52-Week Price Volatility measures the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Maximum Drawdown 1Y expresses the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Free Cash Flow to Enterprise captures the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Operating Leverage measures the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Short-Term Debt Ratio captures the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Debt Service Coverage Ratio expresses the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Capital Expenditure to Revenue captures the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Capital Expenditure to Operating Cash Flow expresses the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Days Sales Outstanding measures the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Days Inventory Outstanding captures the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Days Payable Outstanding expresses the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Operating Cash Flow per Share captures the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Selling General & Administrative to Revenue captures the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Research & Development to Revenue is the metric used to the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Operating Expense Ratio captures the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Payables Turnover is the metric used to the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Payout Ratio is the metric used to the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Total Return 1Y expresses the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Total Return 3Y CAGR is the metric used to the financial stress or solvency profile of the business.
Read more →Our free Academy modules explain how to interpret and apply these metrics in real investment analysis.
Master P/E, P/B, EV/EBITDA and build effective screens
Calculate fair value using DCF and comparable methods
Quantitative tests for financial health and accounting integrity
Read income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements
Spot red flags in financial reporting before they become losses
7 levels, 19+ modules covering every investing skill
Use the indicators above in our free tools to find undervalued stocks.
Filter 85,000+ stocks by any of these 120 indicators
Calculate intrinsic value with 4 valuation models
Top-rated stocks by VMCI composite score
Apply Buffett, Graham, and Greenblatt screens
How the 5-pillar composite score works
Free courses on fundamental analysis
Unlock formulas, indicator ranges, interpretation guides, and how each metric drives your VMCI score.
Explore Analyst Plan →5 undervalued stocks, fully modeled. Every Monday. No spam.
We use cookies to analyze site usage and improve your experience. You can accept all, reject all, or customize your preferences.