Return on Assets (ROA)

The percentage of revenue left after paying all operating expenses but before interest and taxes. This shows how efficiently the core business runs. Above 15% is generally strong. Consistently expanding margins signal improving business quality.

Profitability before the effects of debt, taxes, and depreciation. Useful for comparing companies across different tax jurisdictions and capital structures. Above 20% is generally strong. Often used in merger and acquisition analysis.

The percentage of revenue that converts to free cash flow. This is arguably the most honest profitability metric because free cash flow is difficult to manipulate. Above 10% is strong. Capital-light businesses like software companies tend to have the highest FCF margins.

The percentage of revenue converted to operating cash flow before capital expenditures. Compare to operating margin: when OCF margin is much higher, the company has favorable working capital dynamics that boost cash generation.